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Section A.2 Linear Equations and Inequalities

An equation is just a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal. Equations relating two variables are particularly useful. If we know the value of one of the variables, we can find the corresponding value of the other variable by solving the equation.

The equation \(w = 6h\) gives Loren's wages, \(w\text{,}\) in terms of the number of hours she works, \(h\text{.}\) How many hours does Loren need to work next week if she wants to earn $\(225\text{?}\)

Solution

We know that \(w = 225\text{,}\) and we would like to know the value of \(h\text{.}\) We substitute the value for \(w\) into our equation and then solve for \(h\text{.}\)

\begin{align*} w \amp= 6h\amp\amp \blert{\text{Substitute 225 for }w.}\\ \alert{225} \amp= 6h\amp\amp \blert{\text{Divide both sides by } 6.}\\ \frac{225}{\alert{6}}\amp = \frac{6h}{\alert{6}}\amp\amp \blert{\text{Simplify.}}\\ 375.5\amp = h \end{align*}

Loren must work \(37.5\) hours in order to earn $\(225\text{.}\) In reality, Loren will probably have to work for \(38\) hours, because most employers do not pay for portions of an hour's work. Thus, Loren needs to work for \(38\) hours.

To solve an equation we can generate simpler equations that have the same solutions. Equations that have identical solutions are called equivalent equations. For example,

\begin{equation*} 3x - 5 = x + 3 \end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*} 2x = 8 \end{equation*}

are equivalent equations because the solution of each equation is \(4\text{.}\) Often we can find simpler equivalent equations by undoing in reverse order the operations performed on the variable.

Subsection Solving Linear Equations

Linear, or first-degree, equations can be written so that every term is either a constant or a constant times the variable. The equations above are examples of linear equations. Recall the following rules for solving linear equations.

To Generate Equivalent Equations.

  1. We can add or subtract the same number on both sides of an equation.

  2. We can multiply or divide both sides of an equation by the same number (except zero).

Applying either of these rules produces a new equation equivalent to the old one and thus preserves the solution.

We use the rules to isolate the variable on one side of the equation.

Solve the equation \(~~3x - 5 = x + 3\text{.}\)

Solution

We first collect all the variable terms on one side of the equation, and the constant terms on the other side.

\begin{align*} 3x - 5 \alert{{}- x} \amp = x + 3 \alert{{}- x}\amp\amp \blert{\text{Subtract }x \text{ from both sides.}}\\ 2x - 5 \amp = 3\amp\amp \blert{\text{Simplify.}}\\ 2x - 5 \alert{{}+ 5} \amp = 5 \alert{{}+ 5}\amp\amp \blert{\text{Add 5 to both sides.}}\\ 2x \amp = 8 \amp\amp\blert{\text{Simplify.}}\\ \frac{2x}{\alert{2}}\amp =\frac{8}{\alert{2}}\amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by 2.}}\\ x\amp = 4\amp\amp\blert{\text{Simplify.}} \end{align*}

The solution is \(4\text{.}\) (You can check the solution by substituting \(4\) into the original equation to show that a true statement results.)

The following steps should enable you to solve any linear equation. Of course, you may not need all the steps for a particular equation.

To Solve a Linear Equation:.

  1. Simplify each side of the equation separately.

    1. Apply the distributive law to remove parentheses.

    2. Collect like terms.

  2. By adding or subtracting appropriate terms on both sides of the equation, get all the variable terms on one side and all the constant terms on the other.

  3. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable.

Solve \(~~3(2x - 5) - 4x = 2x - (6 - 3x)\text{.}\)

Solution

We begin by simplifying each side of the equation.

\begin{align*} 3(2x - 5) - 4x \amp = 2x - (6 - 3x) \amp\amp\blert{\text{Apply the distributive law.}}\\ 6x - 15 - 4x \amp= 2x - 6 + 3x \amp\amp\blert{\text{Combine like terms on each side.}}\\ 2x - 15 \amp= 5x - 6 \end{align*}

Next, we collect all the variable terms on the left side of the equation, and all the constant terms on the right side.

\begin{align*} 2x - 15 \alert{- 5x + 15} \amp= 5x - 6 \alert{- 5x + 15} \amp\amp\blert{\text{Add }-5x + 15 \text{ to both sides.}}\\ -3x \amp= 9 \end{align*}

Finally, we divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable.

\begin{align*} -3x \amp= 9 \amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by }-3.}\\ x \amp =-3 \end{align*}

The solution is \(-3\text{.}\)

Subsection Formulas

A formula is an equation that relates several variables. For example, the equation

\begin{equation*} P = 2l + 2w \end{equation*}

gives the perimeter of a rectangle in terms of its length and width.

Suppose we have some wire fence to enclose an exercise area for rabbits, and we would like to see what dimensions are possible for different rectangles with that perimeter. In this case, it would be more useful to have a formula for the length of the rectangle in terms of its perimeter and its width. We can find such a formula by solving the perimeter formula for \(l\) in terms of \(P\) and \(w\text{.}\)

\begin{align*} 2l + 2w \amp= P \amp\amp\blert{\text{Subtact }2 w \text{ from both sides.}}\\ 2l \amp= P - 2w \amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by 2.}}\\ l \amp= \frac{P - 2w}{2} \end{align*}

The result is a new formula that gives the length of a rectangle in terms of its perimeter and its width.

The formula \(~5F = 9C + 160~\) relates the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, \(F\text{,}\) to the temperature in degrees Celsius, \(C\text{.}\) Solve the formula for \(C\) in terms of \(F\text{.}\)

Solution

We begin by isolating the term that contains \(C\text{.}\)

\begin{align*} 5F \amp= 9C + 160 \amp\amp\blert{\text{Subtract 160 from both sides.}}\\ 5F - 160 \amp = 9C \amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by 9.}}\\ \frac{5F - 160}{9} \amp =C \end{align*}

We can also write the formula for \(C\) in terms of \(F\) as \(~C = \dfrac{5}{9}F - \dfrac{160}{9}\text{.}\)

Solve \(~3x - 5y = 40~\) for \(y\) in terms of \(x\text{.}\)

Solution

We isolate \(y\) on one side of the equation.

\begin{align*} 3x - 5y \amp = 40\amp\amp\blert{\text{Subtract }3x \text{ from both sides.}}\\ -5y \amp = 40 - 3x\amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by }-5.}\\ \frac{-5y}{-5} \amp = \frac{40 - 3x}{-5}\amp\amp\blert{\text{Simplify both sides.}}\\ y \amp = -8 + \frac{3}{5}x \end{align*}

Subsection Linear Inequalities

The symbol \(\blert{\gt}\) is called an inequality symbol, and the statement \(a\gt b\) is called an inequality. There are four inequality symbols:

\begin{align*} \amp\gt \amp\amp\text{is greater than}\\ \amp\lt \amp\amp\text{is less than}\\ \amp\ge \amp\amp\text{is greater than or equal to}\\ \amp\le \amp\amp\text{is less than or equal to} \end{align*}

Inequalities that include the symbols \(\gt\) or \(\le\) are called strict inequalities; those that include \(\ge\) or \(\le\) are called nonstrict.

If we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a negative number, the direction of the inequality must be reversed. For example, if we multiply both sides of the inequality

\begin{equation*} 2\lt 5 \end{equation*}

by \(-3\text{,}\) we get

\begin{align*} \alert{-3}(2) \amp\gt \alert{-3}(5)\amp\amp \blert{\text{Change inequality symbol from }\lt \text{ to }\gt.}\\ -6 \amp\gt -15 \end{align*}

Because of this property, the rules for solving linear equations must be revised slightly for solving linear inequalities.

To Solve a Linear Inequality:.

  1. We may add or subtract the same number to both sides of an inequality without changing its solutions.

  2. We may multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a positive number without changing its solutions.

  3. If we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a negative number, we must reverse the direction of the inequality symbol.

Solve the inequality \(~4 - 3x \ge -17\text{.}\)

Solution

Use the rules above to isolate \(x\) on one side of the inequality.

\begin{align*} 4 - 3x \amp\ge -17\amp\amp\blert{\text{Subtract 4 from both sides.}}\\ -3x \amp\ge -21\amp\amp\blert{\text{Divide both sides by }-3.}\\ x \amp\le 7 \end{align*}

Notice that we reversed the direction of the inequality when we divided by \(-3\text{.}\) Any number less than or equal to \(7\) is a solution of the inequality.

A compound inequality involves two inequality symbols.

Solve \(~4 \le 3x + 10 \le 16\text{.}\)

Solution

We isolate \(x\) by performing the same operations on all three sides of the inequality.

\begin{alignat*}{3} 4 \amp{}\le{} 3x\amp {}+{}\amp 10 \amp{}\le{} 16\hphantom{blank} \amp\blert{\text{Subtract }10.}\\ -6 \amp{}\le{} \amp 3x\amp {}{}\amp {}\le{} 6\hphantom{blank} \amp\blert{\text{Divide by }3.}\\ -2 \amp{}\le{} \amp x\amp {}{}\amp{}\le{} 2\hphantom{blank}\amp \end{alignat*}

The solutions are all numbers between \(-2\) and \(2\text{,}\) inclusive.

Subsection Interval Notation

The solutions of the inequality in Example A.14 form an interval. An interval is a set that consists of all the real numbers between two numbers \(a\) and \(b\text{.}\)

The set \(-2 \le x \le 2\) includes its endpoints \(-2\) and \(2\text{,}\) so we call it a closed interval, and we denote it by \([-2, 2]\text{.}\) Its graph is shown in figure (a). The square brackets tell us that the endpoints are included in the interval. An interval that does not include its endpoints, such as \(-2 \lt x \lt 2\text{,}\) is called an open interval, and we denote it with round brackets, \((-2, 2)\text{.}\) Its graph is shown in figure (b).

closed interval and open interva
Caution A.15.

Do not confuse the open interval \((-2, 2)\) with the point \((-2, 2)\text{!}\) The notation is the same, so you must decide from the context whether an interval or a point is being discussed.

We can also discuss infinite intervals, such as \(~x\lt 3~\) and \(~x\ge -1~\text{,}\) shown in the figure below. We denote the interval \(~x\lt 3~\) by \((-\infty, 3)\text{,}\) and the interval \(~x\ge -1~\) by \([-1, \infty)\text{.}\) The symbol \(\infty\text{,}\) for infinity, does not represent a specific real number; it indicates that the interval continues forever along the real line.

infinite intervals

Finally, we can combine two or more intervals into a larger set. For example, the set consisting of \(x\lt -1\) or \(x\gt 2\text{,}\) shown below, is the union of two intervals and is denoted by \((-\infty,-2) \cup (2,\infty)\text{.}\)

number line with two disjoint infinite intervals

Many solutions of inequalities are intervals or unions of intervals.

Write each of the solution sets with interval notation and graph the solution set on a number line.

  1. \(3 \le x \lt 6\)

  2. \(x \ge -9\)

  3. \(x\le 1 ~~\text{ or }~~ x\gt 4\)

  4. \(-8 \lt x \le -5 ~~\text{ or }~~ -1 \le x \lt 3\)

Solution

  1. \([3, 6)\text{.}\) This is called a half-open or half-closed interval.

    half-open interval

  2. \([-9,\infty)\text{.}\) We always use round brackets next to the symbol \(\infty\) because \(\infty\) is not a specific number and is not included in the set.

    half-closed infinite interval

  3. \((-\infty, 1] \cup (4, \infty)\text{.}\) The word or describes the union of two sets.

    disjoint infinite intervals

  4. \((-8,-5] \cup [-1, 3)\text{.}\)

    disjoint finite intervals

Subsection Section Summary

Subsubsection Vocabulary

Look up the definitions of new terms in the Glossary.

  • Equation

  • Closed interval

  • Compound inequality

  • Inequality

  • Linear equation

  • Equivalent equation

  • Open interval

  • Interval

  • Strict inequality

  • Formula

  • Solve an equation

  • Union

Subsubsection SKILLS

Practice each skill in the exercises listed.

  1. Solve a linear equation: #1–10

  2. Solve a formula for one variable in terms of the others: #11–28

  3. Solve a linear inequality: #26–34

  4. Solve a compound inequality: #35–41

  5. Write solutions to inequalities in interval notation: #41–50

Exercises Exercises A.2

For Problems 1-10, solve the linear equation.

1.

\(3x+5=26 \)

2.

\(2+5x=37 \)

3.

\(3(z+2)=37 \)

4.

\(2(z-3)=15 \)

5.

\(3y-2(y-4)=12-5y \)

6.

\(5y-3(y+1)=14+2y \)

7.

\(0.8w -2.6=1.4w+0.3 \)

8.

\(4.8-1.3w=0.7w+2.1 \)

9.

\(0.25t+0.10(t-4)=11.60 \)

10.

\(0.12t+0.08(t+10,000)=12,000 \)

For problems 11-20, solve for \(y\) in terms of \(x\text{.}\)

11.

\(4x+3y=-2\)

12.

\(x-2y=-7\)

13.

\(\dfrac{x}{8}-\dfrac{y}{2}=1 \)

14.

\(\dfrac{x}{5}+\dfrac{y}{7}=1 \)

15.

\(3x+\dfrac{2}{7} y=1 \)

16.

\(\dfrac{5}{6} x+8y=1 \)

17.

\(-(x-1)=6(y-3) \)

18.

\(2y-4=3(x+5) \)

19.

\(\dfrac{y+8}{x-1}=\dfrac{-7}{4} \)

20.

\(\dfrac{2}{3}=\dfrac{y-5}{x+2} \)

For Problems 21-28, solve the formula for the specified variable.

21.

\(v=k+gt,~~\text{ for }t\)

22.

\(S=3\pi d+\pi a,~~\text{ for }d\)

23.

\(S=2w(w+2h),~~\text{ for }h\)

24.

\(A=P(1+rt),~~\text{ for }r\)

25.

\(P=a+(n-1)d,~~\text{ for }n\)

26.

\(R=2d+h(a+b),~~\text{ for }b\)

27.

\(A=\pi rh+\pi r^2,~~\text{ for }h\)

28.

\(A=2w^2+4lw,~~\text{ for }l\)

For Problems 29-40, solve the inequality.

29.

\(3x-2\gt 1+2x\)

30.

\(2x+3\le x-1\)

31.

\(\dfrac{-2x-6}{-3}\gt 2 \)

32.

\(\dfrac{-2x-3}{2}\le -5 \)

33.

\(\dfrac{2x-3}{3}\le \dfrac{3x}{-2} \)

34.

\(\dfrac{3x-4}{-2}\gt \dfrac{-2x}{5} \)

35.

\(-6\lt 4x+10\lt 20 \)

36.

\(3\lt -2x-5\lt 15 \)

37.

\(-9\le -3x+6\lt 2 \)

38.

\(4\lt 8x+12\le 16 \)

39.

\(5\lt\dfrac{8-2x}{4}\le 7 \)

40.

\(-1\le\dfrac{4x-6}{-3}\le 0 \)

For Problems 41-50, write the set with interval notation, and graph the set on a number line.

41.

\(-5\lt x \le 3\)

42.

\(0\le x \lt 4 \)

43.

\(0\ge x \ge -4 \)

44.

\(8\gt x \gt 5 \)

45.

\(x\gt -6 \)

46.

\(x\le 1 \)

47.

\(x\lt -3~\text{ or }~x\ge -1 \)

48.

\(x\ge 3~\text{ or }~x\le -3 \)

49.

\(-6\le x \lt -4~\text{ or } ~-2\lt x\le 0 \)

50.

\(x\lt 2~ \text{ or } ~2\lt x \lt 3 \)